How to ‘square the circle’ of 2.1 billion urban dwellers, many of the poorest on the planet, urgently needing the human right of safely managed sanitation? And at an estimated cost of $105 billion per year2 , how is this to be delivered in a sustainable AND affordable manner when affordability (and willingness to pay) is so limited, taxation rates are low and donor transfers are not increasing? Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) is a public service approach to planning and implementing urban sanitation systems to achieve outcomes summarised in SDG 6.2: safe, equitable and sustainable sanitation for all by 2030, irrespective of where people live within a city or what technologies are used to serve them.